What’s the Difference Between National and Federal Criminal Searches and Why It Matters

When it comes to background checks, not all criminal searches are created equal. Two commonly misunderstood terms in the screening world are national criminal search and federal criminal search. While they may sound similar, they serve very different purposes and access different types of records.

Let’s break down the differences so you can make informed decisions when selecting the right background check for your needs.

What Is a National Criminal Search?

A national criminal search is designed to cast a wide net. It aggregates information from a variety of sources across the United States, including:

• State and county court records

• Local law enforcement databases

• Public records from multiple jurisdictions

What It Covers:

This search typically includes misdemeanor and felony convictions, outstanding warrants, and arrest records. However, it’s important to know that not every jurisdiction reports data in real time (or at all), so this search is best used as a screening tool—a way to flag potential concerns that should be verified with a more specific county-level search.

When It’s Used:

• Pre-employment background checks

• Tenant screenings

• Volunteer or contractor vetting

What Is a Federal Criminal Search?

A federal criminal search is much more targeted. It pulls records exclusively from federal courts and covers violations of federal law. These offenses are often more serious or complex than those at the state or local level.

What It Covers:

• White-collar crimes

• Drug trafficking

• Immigration offenses

• Crimes investigated by agencies like the FBI, DEA, and ATF

When It’s Used:

• Federal government employment

• High-security roles

• Financial services or legal compliance checks

  
  

Putting It All Together

Think of a national criminal search as your broad-stroke overview, and a federal criminal search as a deep dive into a specific slice of the justice system.

National Criminal Search

1. Scope| Multi-jurisdictional

2. Records Included | State and local convictions, arrests, and more

3. Best Used For | Pre-employment and tenant screening

Federal Criminal Search

1. Scope | U.S. Federal Courts

2. Records Included | Federal crimes only

3. Best Used For | Federal employment and high-security roles

Final Thoughts

Understanding the difference between national and federal criminal searches can help you make smarter, more compliant hiring decisions. If you're unsure which is best for your organization or industry, a professional background screening provider can help tailor a package that fits your needs.